summary of psychodynamic approah

I learn about psychodynamic approach neurosis is a disorder in which high levels of anxiety are a primary symptom.

There are personality  in terms of a three parts structure:
1. The id (latin for "it")-was the source of all basic drives:from the moment of birth.
2. The ego (latin for "i")-which provides the integrating of personality, and also mediates the links with the outside world.
3. The superego ("over the ego")-which is governed by moral constraints.

There are 2 process thinking are:
1. Primary process thinking-a wish and its fulfillment are equivalent.
2. Secondary process thinking-assesses gratification in terms of the constraints of the external world.

There are the 5 stages of development:
1. Oral stage-(extending from birth to about 15 months), when the focus of gratification is on the mouth.
2. Anal stage-(15 months to 3 years), during this stage the focus of drive energy shifts to the lower end of the digestive tract, and the major conflict is toilet training.
3. Phallic stage-(from about 3 to 5 years) during which gratification is focused on the genitals, although not in the form of adult sexuality.
4. Latency stage-(around age 5), which extends until puberty, the drives appear to be relatively inactive.
5. Genital stage-(from puberty onward), when the drive energy is focused on the genitals, with adult expression of sexuality .


Identification which involves incorporating characteristics of a drive object into ones own ego.
ex.the father as prototype for future lovers, the mother as role  model.
Repression a defence mechanism in which impulses, memories or ideas are actively blocked from the conscious mind.
ex.childhood amnesia.













 

summary of cognitive approach

I learn about cognitive approach learning the process of gathering information and organizing it into mental schemata.Memory the retention and use of prior learning.

The 3 types of memory and examples the difference between us:
1.The sensory memory are stores sensations for a brief moment.
ex.visual sensory memory last less than a second but auditory sensory memory can last up to three or four second.
2.The short term memory are adaptive ,enabling us to discard information that is no longer useful usually 15 seconds or so.
ex.When people memorize a list of items,they exhibit the serial positions effect, whereby those items from the beginning and end of a list are recalled better than those in the middle.
3.The long term memory is a relatively enduring storage system that can vast amounts of information for long periods of time.(hours,days,weeks or longer).
ex.The gift you received for a birthday years ago.A long term memory has no limit on capacity.

Encoding the processing of stimulus information for retention in the memory.Its more closely related to the working o STM.
Storage the retention of information in the memory.Its clearly related to LTM.

The different types of LTM:
1.Procedural memory stores how to information.
2.Semantic memory involves general knowledge of the world.
3.Episodic memory contains a personal experiences, organized according to where and to when events happened,such as what happened on your last birthday.

Forgetting the failure to remember is perhaps the most salient aspect memory for most people.Forgetting can result from one of four processes:a lack of encoding, physical decay, interference, or repression.
There are 2 kinds of interference :
1.Proactive interference in memory, a form of interference in which prior experiences make learning and recall of subsequent experiences difficult.
2.Retroactive interference in memory, a form of interference in which recent experiences make it difficult to recall something learned earlier.

behaviourist approach summarize

I learn about behaviorist approach is the way we act and the behaviorism study of behavior.                
Then learning the result of experience a person like this example you are a drug addict then you mother said the drug is not good to our health so your realized she is right.                                                            
Their are 2 kind of learning the classical and operant conditioning and between stimulus and response.Stimulus is any event or situation then response is any reaction like this example you "eating"is a response.           Between the reinforcers and reinforcerment. A reinforcer in operant conditioning a stimulus which,it follows a response. And a reinforcement in operant conditioning the process by which a reinforce increasesthe probability of a response.                                                                                                                                             
Their are 4 types of reinforcemen schedule
1.fixed ratio or (FR)-the number of response.
2.variable ratio or (VR)-the terms of the average number of response.
3.fixed interval or (FI)-the amount of time that must pass since the previus reinforcer was given.
    - ex.is receiving a salary on fixed dates such as every 15th or 30th of each month.
4.variable interval or (VI)-the average time interval which must elapse since the last reinforce before a response.