summary of psychodynamic approah

I learn about psychodynamic approach neurosis is a disorder in which high levels of anxiety are a primary symptom.

There are personality  in terms of a three parts structure:
1. The id (latin for "it")-was the source of all basic drives:from the moment of birth.
2. The ego (latin for "i")-which provides the integrating of personality, and also mediates the links with the outside world.
3. The superego ("over the ego")-which is governed by moral constraints.

There are 2 process thinking are:
1. Primary process thinking-a wish and its fulfillment are equivalent.
2. Secondary process thinking-assesses gratification in terms of the constraints of the external world.

There are the 5 stages of development:
1. Oral stage-(extending from birth to about 15 months), when the focus of gratification is on the mouth.
2. Anal stage-(15 months to 3 years), during this stage the focus of drive energy shifts to the lower end of the digestive tract, and the major conflict is toilet training.
3. Phallic stage-(from about 3 to 5 years) during which gratification is focused on the genitals, although not in the form of adult sexuality.
4. Latency stage-(around age 5), which extends until puberty, the drives appear to be relatively inactive.
5. Genital stage-(from puberty onward), when the drive energy is focused on the genitals, with adult expression of sexuality .


Identification which involves incorporating characteristics of a drive object into ones own ego.
ex.the father as prototype for future lovers, the mother as role  model.
Repression a defence mechanism in which impulses, memories or ideas are actively blocked from the conscious mind.
ex.childhood amnesia.













 

summary of cognitive approach

I learn about cognitive approach learning the process of gathering information and organizing it into mental schemata.Memory the retention and use of prior learning.

The 3 types of memory and examples the difference between us:
1.The sensory memory are stores sensations for a brief moment.
ex.visual sensory memory last less than a second but auditory sensory memory can last up to three or four second.
2.The short term memory are adaptive ,enabling us to discard information that is no longer useful usually 15 seconds or so.
ex.When people memorize a list of items,they exhibit the serial positions effect, whereby those items from the beginning and end of a list are recalled better than those in the middle.
3.The long term memory is a relatively enduring storage system that can vast amounts of information for long periods of time.(hours,days,weeks or longer).
ex.The gift you received for a birthday years ago.A long term memory has no limit on capacity.

Encoding the processing of stimulus information for retention in the memory.Its more closely related to the working o STM.
Storage the retention of information in the memory.Its clearly related to LTM.

The different types of LTM:
1.Procedural memory stores how to information.
2.Semantic memory involves general knowledge of the world.
3.Episodic memory contains a personal experiences, organized according to where and to when events happened,such as what happened on your last birthday.

Forgetting the failure to remember is perhaps the most salient aspect memory for most people.Forgetting can result from one of four processes:a lack of encoding, physical decay, interference, or repression.
There are 2 kinds of interference :
1.Proactive interference in memory, a form of interference in which prior experiences make learning and recall of subsequent experiences difficult.
2.Retroactive interference in memory, a form of interference in which recent experiences make it difficult to recall something learned earlier.

behaviourist approach summarize

I learn about behaviorist approach is the way we act and the behaviorism study of behavior.                
Then learning the result of experience a person like this example you are a drug addict then you mother said the drug is not good to our health so your realized she is right.                                                            
Their are 2 kind of learning the classical and operant conditioning and between stimulus and response.Stimulus is any event or situation then response is any reaction like this example you "eating"is a response.           Between the reinforcers and reinforcerment. A reinforcer in operant conditioning a stimulus which,it follows a response. And a reinforcement in operant conditioning the process by which a reinforce increasesthe probability of a response.                                                                                                                                             
Their are 4 types of reinforcemen schedule
1.fixed ratio or (FR)-the number of response.
2.variable ratio or (VR)-the terms of the average number of response.
3.fixed interval or (FI)-the amount of time that must pass since the previus reinforcer was given.
    - ex.is receiving a salary on fixed dates such as every 15th or 30th of each month.
4.variable interval or (VI)-the average time interval which must elapse since the last reinforce before a response.

my answer for jenny the facilitators.

1.What is skinner and operant conditioning? Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior and Ope rant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

2.What is radical behaviorism?Radical behaviorism is the philosophy that underlies the approach to psychology known as the experimental analysis of behavior.

3.What is reinforcers and reinforcement?A reinforcers is the stimulus, event, or situation that is presented or otherwise emerges when the response behavior is performed.And reinforcement is an easy way to nix behavior problems.
4.What is primary reinforcers? Primary reinforcers are related to as secondary reinforcers are related to learned behaviors.
5.Conditioned reinforcement is a what?the conditioned reinforcement refers to the capacity of a conditioned stimulus to support instrumental behavior by acquiring affective properties of the primary reinforcer with which it is associated.
 6.What is positive and  negative reinforcers? A positive reinforcers does not mean "good" in this case, but means that something is added. And a negative reinforcers in this sense does not mean "bad", but that something is subtracted or taken away.
7.contingencies of reinforcement is what?the Contingencies of reinforcement in the design of a culture.




8.Their are a positive and negative reinforcement what is its?A Positive reinforcements are occasionally compared to the old ‘rewards system’.And Negative reinforcement is a little hard to give an explanation of simply because its use is not generally recognized. Negative reinforcement is one thing which, when removed, has to be made for it to go away.
9.What is omission?The omissions It means the act of leaving something out.
10.What is operant conditioning phenomena  shaping and their learning process? The Operant conditioning (also known as instrumental conditioning) is a process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain reward and avoid punishments.And their learning  It is also the name for the paradigm in experimental psychology by which such  learning and action selection processes are studied.

my answer in question of facilitators

1.What is behaviorist approach?the behaviorist approach is leads us to believe that personality consists of all of an individuals behaviors. 
2.What is lerning?Learning is acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills,values, or preferrences and may involve synthesizing different types of information.
3.What are the two kinds of learning and their differences?The two kinds of learning are auditory and visual .The differences the two of us auditory is hearing but the visual is seeing.
4.What is behaviorism?behaviorism  is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
5.What is parsimony? Parsimony is the use of the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available.
6.What is associationism? associationism is began as a theory about how ideas combine in the mind.
7.Who is Edwin L. Thomdike?was an American psychologist, who’s thinking is thoroughly associationistic. He was a functionalist in his emphasis on the utilitarian aspect of psychology. According to him, psychology is about the stimulus- response connections. He was of the view that behavior can be analyzed into associations. He said that the behavioral processes are quantifiable. Believed that behavior was explicable on the basis of nothing but stimulus- response connections inherited and acquired.
8.What is the law of effect?The law of effect basically states that “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.”
9.what is response? in my own idea  response is like a reaction thats takes place in your body when something happens to you.And their example  the lenght of the time between an indication of the end of an inquiry and the display of the first character of the response at auser terminal.
10.Differentiate reflex and voluntary response and give example?Reflex is much faster than a reaction but the voluntary response to an external stimulus and can be trained to become faster through regular practice.And their example in voluntary
For example, when you see a friend over at the other side of the room, you wish to attract the attention of that friend of yours, hence you may want to wave your hand and call out his name. This is done by your brain by sending impulses from it to the effectors or in this case, your biceps and triceps muscles and also your larynx, via relaying neurons, the spinal cord, synapes and motor neurons. The impulses upon reaching their respective effector muscles cause the waving of your hand and you to shout out your friend's name. This action is under the control of the will thus is known as a voluntary action.
 For example in reflex action, a person stepping on a sharp object would initiate the reflex action through the creation of a stimulus, (pain) within specialized sense receptors located in the skin tissue of the foot. The resulting stimulus would be transmitted through afferent, or sensory neurons to the spinal cord. This stimulus is usually processed by an interneuron to create an immediate response to pain by initiating a motor (muscular) response which is acted upon by muscles of the leg, retracting the foot away from the object.