Wednesday, December 29, 2010

my answer for jenny the facilitators.

1.What is skinner and operant conditioning? Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior and Ope rant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
2.What is radical behaviorism?Radical behaviorism is the philosophy that underlies the approach to psychology known as the experimental analysis of behavior.
3.What is reinforcers and reinforcement?A reinforcers is the stimulus, event, or situation that is presented or otherwise emerges when the response behavior is performed.And reinforcement is an easy way to nix behavior problems.
4.What is primary reinforcers? Primary reinforcers are related to as secondary reinforcers are related to learned behaviors.
5.Conditioned reinforcement is a what?the conditioned reinforcement refers to the capacity of a conditioned stimulus to support instrumental behavior by acquiring affective properties of the primary reinforcer with which it is associated.
 6.What is positive and  negative reinforcers? A positive reinforcers does not mean "good" in this case, but means that something is added. And a negative reinforcers in this sense does not mean "bad", but that something is subtracted or taken away.
7.contingencies of reinforcement is what?the Contingencies of reinforcement in the design of a culture.




8.Their are a positive and negative reinforcement what is its?A Positive reinforcements are occasionally compared to the old ‘rewards system’.And Negative reinforcement is a little hard to give an explanation of simply because its use is not generally recognized. Negative reinforcement is one thing which, when removed, has to be made for it to go away.
9.What is omission?The omissions It means the act of leaving something out.
10.What is operant conditioning phenomena  shaping and their learning process? The Operant conditioning (also known as instrumental conditioning) is a process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain reward and avoid punishments.And their learning  It is also the name for the paradigm in experimental psychology by which such  learning and action selection processes are studied.

my answer in question of facilitators

1.What is behaviorist approach?the behaviorist approach is leads us to believe that personality consists of all of an individuals behaviors. 
2.What is lerning?Learning is acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills,values, or preferrences and may involve synthesizing different types of information.
3.What are the two kinds of learning and their differences?The two kinds of learning are auditory and visual .The differences the two of us auditory is hearing but the visual is seeing.
4.What is behaviorism?behaviorism  is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
5.What is parsimony? Parsimony is the use of the simplest or most frugal route of explanation available.
6.What is associationism? associationism is began as a theory about how ideas combine in the mind.
7.Who is Edwin L. Thomdike?was an American psychologist, who’s thinking is thoroughly associationistic. He was a functionalist in his emphasis on the utilitarian aspect of psychology. According to him, psychology is about the stimulus- response connections. He was of the view that behavior can be analyzed into associations. He said that the behavioral processes are quantifiable. Believed that behavior was explicable on the basis of nothing but stimulus- response connections inherited and acquired.
8.What is the law of effect?The law of effect basically states that “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.”
9.what is response? in my own idea  response is like a reaction thats takes place in your body when something happens to you.And their example  the lenght of the time between an indication of the end of an inquiry and the display of the first character of the response at auser terminal.
10.Differentiate reflex and voluntary response and give example?Reflex is much faster than a reaction but the voluntary response to an external stimulus and can be trained to become faster through regular practice.And their example in voluntary
For example, when you see a friend over at the other side of the room, you wish to attract the attention of that friend of yours, hence you may want to wave your hand and call out his name. This is done by your brain by sending impulses from it to the effectors or in this case, your biceps and triceps muscles and also your larynx, via relaying neurons, the spinal cord, synapes and motor neurons. The impulses upon reaching their respective effector muscles cause the waving of your hand and you to shout out your friend's name. This action is under the control of the will thus is known as a voluntary action.
 For example in reflex action, a person stepping on a sharp object would initiate the reflex action through the creation of a stimulus, (pain) within specialized sense receptors located in the skin tissue of the foot. The resulting stimulus would be transmitted through afferent, or sensory neurons to the spinal cord. This stimulus is usually processed by an interneuron to create an immediate response to pain by initiating a motor (muscular) response which is acted upon by muscles of the leg, retracting the foot away from the object.